Research Highlights:

  • Researchers found that when a heart attack was complicated by cardiogenic shock, women ages 18-55 years were 11% more likely to die in the hospital than men the same age.
  • While in the hospital, women were also significantly less likely to receive prompt diagnostic tests and aggressive treatment compared to men.

Embargoed until 4 a.m. CT/5 a.m. ET Tuesday, Sept. 29, 2020                                                                                                                   

DALLAS, Sept. 29, 2020 — When the heart suddenly can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs after a heart attack, women ages 18-55 get less aggressive care in the hospital and are more likely to die prior to discharge than men the same age, according to new research published today in Circulation: Heart Failure, an American Heart Association journal.

“It is very concerning that the young, productive women of our society face these health care disparities,” said Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula, M.D., M.Sc., lead author of the study and a clinical fellow in interventional cardiology at the Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta.

Cardiogenic shock, when the heart suddenly fails to pump enough blood to keep vital organs alive, is a leading cause of death after a heart attack, causing death in about half of those with the complication who survived long enough to be admitted to the hospital. The study authors noted that previous research primarily focused on older patients has shown standard cardiovascular care recommended by professional guidelines is received less frequently by women than men. For this study, researchers sought to determine whether these sex disparities also exist among younger patients.

Using data from the National Inpatient Sample from 2000-2017 maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the researchers analyzed hospital health data on 90,648 patient admissions (between 18 and 55 years old, 26% women) who had heart attacks complicated by cardiogenic shock.

The investigators found that women were significantly less likely than men to:

  • receive coronary angiography, a procedure that uses a special dye and X-rays to detect blockages in heart arteries (78.3% vs. 81.4%, respectively), with a larger discrepancy in angiography performed on the day of admission, (49.2% vs. 54.1%, respectively);
  • be treated with procedures such as stents or balloons to open blockages in the arteries of the heart (59.2% vs. 64%, respectively); and
  • have their heart function temporarily supplemented using a mechanical pump (50.3% vs. 59.2%, respectively).

“As clinicians, we need to understand the likely multiple motivators and factors, both individual and system-based, that might lead to unconscious bias. Our emphasis should be on providing high-quality and equitable care for every patient independent of their sex,” said Vallabhajosyula.

In addition to the disparities in treatment, the researchers’ analysis found more Black women suffered a heart attack and cardiogenic shock compared to men or white women. In addition, compared to men, women were most likely to be from families with lower incomes and less education; known to have other medical conditions; or were admitted to rural or smaller hospitals. Women had approximately the same length of stay in the hospital (average of 10 days for both men and women); however, their average cost-per-hospitalization was significantly lower ($156,372 vs. $167,669, respectively).

“Fewer treatments prescribed for women led to lower use of resources, therefore, women had lower hospitalization costs. Additional studies are needed to help us more fully understand and make the changes necessary to improve treatment and eliminate disparities in care,” said Vallabhajosyula.

The researchers noted a few limitations to their study: it was non-randomized, used data from hospital discharge codes and may be missing some individual patient information. Although many of the percentage differences were small, and their clinical impact interpreted cautiously, in this large sample those differences represent many people.

The American Heart Association’s signature women’s initiative, Go Red for Women®, is a comprehensive platform designed to increase women’s heart health awareness and serve as a catalyst for change to improve the lives of women globally. The initiative is dedicated to addressing the inequities in access and quality of care women receive. Gender disparities in research, general misconceptions and a lack of understanding of symptoms and risk factors unique to women have led women to be largely overlooked in the past when it comes to understanding how cardiovascular disease may impact them differently.

There is considerably more understanding of the biological differences between men and women including disease progression and treatment response as the findings indicate. While strides have been made to close gender and racial disparities in research and within the health care system, women continue to be underrepresented and overlooked in the U.S. and globally. Women account for less than half of all clinical trial participants globally with women of color only accounting for 3%.

Go Red for Women’s joint collaboration with Verily’s Project Baseline, Research Goes RedTM, formed in 2019 to empower women to contribute to health research. The initiative has built a community of women scientists, researchers, medical and health professionals to further raise awareness around women’s heart health by closing gender disparity gaps in research and clinical trials. Research Goes Red expanded its reach and impact through a COVID-19 survey in 2020, assessing the top concerns women have related to the health, social, economic and emotional impact COVID-19 has had on their lives. Future surveys on health factors unique to women include maternal health, mental well-being and racial and gender bias within the health care system. 

Co-authors are Lina Ya’Qoub, M.D.; Mandeep Singh, M.D., M.P.H.; Malcolm R. Bell, M.D.; Rajiv Gulati, M.D., Ph.D.; Wisit Cheungpasitporn, M.D.; Pranathi R. Sundaragiri, M.D.; Virginia M. Miller, Ph.D.; Allan S. Jaffe, M.D.; Bernard J. Gersh, M.B.Ch.B, D.Phil.; David R. Holmes, Jr., M.D.; and Gregory W. Barsness, M.D. Author disclosures are in the manuscript.

The study was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences at the National Institutes of Health.

Additional Resources:

Statements and conclusions of studies published in the American Heart Association’s scientific journals are solely those of the study authors and do not necessarily reflect the Association’s policy or position. The Association makes no representation or guarantee as to their accuracy or reliability. The Association receives funding primarily from individuals; foundations and corporations (including pharmaceutical, device manufacturers and other companies) also make donations and fund specific Association programs and events. The Association has strict policies to prevent these relationships from influencing the science content. Revenues from pharmaceutical and biotech companies, device manufacturers and health insurance providers are available here, and the Association’s overall financial information is available here. 

About the American Heart Association

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